Publications

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We improve ourselves each year based on our experience. That experience is passed on to us by our tribe. The generations that preceded us pass on to us a system of capacities that contribute to preserving existence. The lack or absence of information about those predecessors can lead to life-threatening consequences. Having lived through many crisis moments in its history, Armenia continues its existence, keeping its connection with its ancestors through the realization of national identity. National identity, the sense of belonging and attachment to one’s nation, is an important part of personality development. In the article, the author reveals the primary actual capacities involved in forming and reproducing national identity, as well as the connection between the transcultural approach and national identity.

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The lifestyle of digital nomadism and expatriate living in the fast-moving and changing dynamic world can be challenging for mental health and life balance through the constant change and uncertainty is one of the most important basis. As human beings, they face the complexities of remote work, cultural adaptation, and global mobility and also can be damaged by unique stressors and triggers that affect their mental stability. In this dynamic scenery, the principles of Positive Psychotherapy emerge as a valuable and empowering approach to promoting resilience, self-discovery, and emotional flourishing among digital nomads and expats.

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This article explores the psychological defense mechanism of dissociation within the context of trauma and micro-traumas, particularly its impact on primary and secondary capacities as defined in Positive Psychotherapy (PPT). Dissociation initially acts as a protective mechanism, allowing temporary detachment from overwhelming emotional realities. However, it can become maladaptive, disrupting the balance between primary capacities (e.g., love, trust, and hope) and secondary capacities (e.g., punctuality, honesty, and achievement). Through the framework of PPT, the study highlights how dissociation compartmentalizes psychological functioning, impairing self-integration and balance across the four domains of life: body/senses, work/achievement, relationships/contact, and future/meaning/goals. Employing therapeutic autoethnography and insights from trauma theory, this analysis demonstrates how PPT’s distinctive tools, such as differential analysis and transcultural approach, facilitate nuanced and gradual healing. PPT fosters post-traumatic growth by integrating cultural sensitivity, metaphors, and storytelling, empowering individuals to transform dissociative mechanisms into resources for resilience and balanced self-functioning. This study underscores the need for culturally informed, holistic therapeutic strategies to address the multifaceted impacts of trauma.

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Psychosis is a condition characterized on current diagnostic tests by impairment and may include severe disturbances of cognition, thinking, behaviour, and emotion. The need for early diagnosis and prevention of psychotic episodes in adolescents challenges traditional models of counselling, diagnosis, and treatment. The aim of the present study is to derive the main themes and psychological manifestations in the first psychotic episode in adolescents and to deepen knowledge and raise questions around the specific experiences of psychotic adolescents in order to help the clinical psychologist and psychotherapist in diagnostic and therapeutic counselling. This thus goes beyond the visible behaviour and the medical model that pays little attention to the causal relationships in psychosis and its unconscious components. Thirty-six adolescents (27 girls) with subclinical and clinical psychotic symptoms and 30 adolescents (16 girls) with neurotic symptoms were interviewed. A clinical approach was used – clinical psychological interview followed by psychotherapeutic work. Findings and statements can be found showing that early psychotic signs may change into a more severe adolescent crisis, as well as indications of the nature of anger towards parents, unstable mood and aggressivity. Leading themes in interviews and psychotherapeutic sessions may relate to feelings of insignificance in the world around them, unclear sexual identification, too close a relationship with their mothers, and anxiety about real or symbolic absence such as their mothers’ working away from home for long periods of time. In 79% of the interviews with adolescents with psychotic symptoms, we see a lack of real symbolic play in childhood. suitable for non-psychotic adolescents, in this case to change in the first psychotic episode.****What does this last sentence mean?  The importance of early diagnosis is recognized and the known psychotherapeutic techniques must be used.

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The article aims to develop a definition of emotions that would be both theoretically and practically applicable in psychotherapy (prescriptive), while also aligning with the everyday (descriptive) understanding of the term. The arguments are grounded on sound review of relevant theories that help to grasp the somatic and psychological mechanisms that enable the experience and utilization of emotions. Emotions are differentiated from feelings and stress. The intratheoretical consistency of the newly formulated understanding of emotions with the model of conflictogenesis of positive psychotherapy has been demonstrated.

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In the digital age, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in supervisory practices in psychotherapy presents new opportunities for enhancing service quality and accessibility, especially in regions with limited supervisory resources. This paper examines the application of AI tools, such as text-based neural networks in supporting mental health professionals by assisting in case analysis, generating metaphors, and developing therapeutic techniques, thus facilitating more comprehensive and accessible supervision. The rresults indicated great convenience and positive effectiveness of AI in supervision. The findings suggest that AI can significantly enhance the supervisory experience by providing dynamic, context-aware support, though perceptions of effectiveness vary. The implications for future research include the need for further development of AI functionalities, ethical considerations, and integration of diverse psychotherapeutic approaches to meet the evolving professional needs of psychotherapists.

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To diagnose and treat somatic disorders while considering psychosocial factors, medical and psychological practices require a comprehensive and operationalized list of criteria. The Evaluation Criteria for Psychosomatic Practice (ECPP) has been developed to address this need. It builds upon the updated version of the Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research (DCPR) by incorporating significant psychodynamic factors and restructuring its framework to better cater to the practical demands of clinical assessment, diagnosis, treatment planning, and outcome monitoring. It offers four axes for clinical evaluation that can be used together or separately, depending on the needs of diagnostic process, treatment, informing the patient, or research: psychosomatic symptoms and complaints, risk factors related to personality structure, triggers, and secondary risk factors.

By utilizing the ECPP’s four axes, clinicians can gain a deeper understanding of how psychosocial factors impact the clinical picture and dynamics of somatic disorders and then effectively communicate this knowledge to patients, improving compliance and collaboration in treatment. Additionally, the ECPP’s framework allows for a balance of psychological, physical, and social treatment interventions that can be tailored to the specific needs of the patient, ultimately leading to better treatment outcomes.

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When the common features of the problems encountered in adolescence are examined, impulse control problems draw our attention. At this point, preventive and developmental studies are needed to help adolescents control impulses. It is important to examine the structures that can be used to explain impulsive behavior in order to transform impulsivity into a functional form. This study aims to examine whether primary and secondary capabilities, which are the basic concepts of positive psychotherapy, predict the impulsive behaviors of adolescents. The dependent variable in this research is impulsivity, its independent variables are primary and secondary capabilities. The participant group of the research is 225 male adolescent individuals between the ages of 14-19 who continue their secondary education. The Personal Information Form, the Barrat Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11), and the Wiesbaden Positive Psychotherapy and Family Therapy Inventory were used as data collection tools in the study. The data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. As a result of the analysis, primary capabilities (R=0.376; R2=0.141; F=4.305; p<.01) and secondary capabilities (R=0.488; R2=0.238; F=5.841; p<.01) were found to significantly predict impulsivity. It was revealed that hope, from the primary capabilities, and orderliness, diligence, reliability and obedience, from the secondary capabilities, predict impulsivity.

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Every day, individuals can encounter events which cause them to check their wishes and impulses. They need to provide self-control in the face of these events. It is observed that psychotherapies aimed at increasing self-control are limited. Positive psychotherapy, which is a structural and analytical psychotherapeutic method, can expand our viewpoint on this subject. Structures in positive psychotherapy were examined in the context of using the balance model, coupled with the ability of self-control. The dependent variable of the research is self-control, the independent variable is positive psychotherapy structures. Of the 151 (52.6%) of the participants (52.6%) were women, 136 (47.4%) were men. The Personal Information Form, which was created by the researcher as a data collection tool, the self-control scales and Wiesbaden positive psychotherapy and family therapy inventory were used. Multiple regression analysis was performed during the analysis of the data. As a result of multiple regression analysis, primary abilities (r = .51, r2 = .26; f = 11.840; p <.01), secondary abilities (r = .52, r2 = .27; f = 9.209; p <.01) and the balance model (r = .39, R2 = .15; f = 11.964; p <.01) significantly announced the self-control. According to the results of the analysis, patience, relationship, hope, and love are among the primary abilities; the secondary abilities are honesty, achievement, conformity and fairness. From the balance model, it was revealed that success and body were a significant predictor of self-control.

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Positive psychotherapy is one of the most comprehensive and effective therapeutic methods in psychoanalytic models. The Balance model of Positive psychotherapy is a key concept that helps not only psychotherapists and clients to detect the problem to plan a route for action but also to build hope for the future life. The study aims to examine the effectiveness of the supervision process of a practical module, “Psychological Counseling with an Individual,” structured on the Balance model of Positive psychotherapy on university students having the module and their actual clients. There were 12 senior-year university students and 12 clients in the supervision process. Evaluation forms for students and clients comprised by the author were used as collection tools. The outcomes showed that including the Balance model in the sessions helped understand the psychological problem experienced, have the right action plan, and promote hope.

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The article presents the author’s perspective on various levels of psychological assistance that can be provided in crisis situations. The focus is primarily on the highest level of assistance, which is existential therapy. Within the context of existential therapy, the author emphasizes the importance of addressing existential aspects of positive psychotherapy.

Furthermore, the article proposes a new concept of “actual capacities” as a type of existential activity. These actual capacities are selected based on four existential conflicts identified by I. Yalom, and they help individuals to confront these conflicts without resorting to neurotic defenses. In this way, actual capacities serve as existential activities, contributing to healthier responses to the challenges of existence. By developing actual capacities as existential activities, individuals may be better equipped to cope with the givens of existence.

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The article represents the question of the relationship between family dynamics and the emergence, development and treatment of eating disorders in adolescents, through the eyes of the psychodynamic and positive approaches in psychotherapy. The main conclusion is that without taking into account the dynamics of family relations, the function of the symptom cannot be understood.

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Four principles of ethical questioning in family therapy dilemmas are the basis for ethical questions in family therapy as a guideline for to act, how to act, or not to act. An example of an ethical dilemma from the practice of family therapy is described.

A “package insert” for family and couples therapy as information about family therapy is comparable to information on the effects of medication: Why not apply the same standard when it comes to effective procedures?

Methods of family therapy and individual therapy have been developed side by side and one after the other, for which a clear differential indication and systematization of application still needs to be developed. An experience- and outcome-based family therapy (EBF) could be the goal. The therapeutic position and a guideline for families in therapy are discussed. The application of a five step process model to find out and to solve the ethical questions is developed and presented.

We dare to present the thesis that a differential family therapy based on effect and side effect studies with informed consent of the patients or family members can be the basis for a critical classification of the methods to a general “Evidence Based Family Therapy” (experience based family therapy).

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The article presents the results of a study of the features of the time perspective of students with disabilities. It is revealed that the majority of the students with disabilities who were studied are dominated by the hedonistic profile of the time perspective – orientation to fleeting pleasures from the present “here and now”; avoidance of thoughts, meaningfulness of the consequences of their own actions and activities in the future. It is established that the Balanced time perspective of students with disabilities is represented by moderately high indicators of time orientation to the future, low negative past, high hedonistic present. In the profile of an unbalanced time perspective, high indicators of orientation to the negative past, fatalistic and hedonistic present, and low indicators of orientation to the future are expressed. The relationship of a balanced time perspective with the personal qualities of self-determination, self-understanding, self-acceptance, autonomy, self-efficacy and life satisfaction is revealed. Predictors of the time perspective of students with disabilities are: self-acceptance, as a conscious acceptance of the diversity of their own selves; the attitude of others as a resource for developing their own effectiveness and personal autonomy, which allows them to adequately assess their own capabilities, make their own decisions independently and take life responsibly.

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Sexual life is an important part of daily life and it influences the quality of life and well-being. There are four aspects of life, the equilibrium of which is required to create and maintain mental, emotional, social and spiritual health. Any difficulties in making and keeping this balance or obstacles to it may cause various diseases, complains, problems or dysfunctions in sexual life. This paper will show the importance of good, regular sexual life and how it will influence the improvement in the quality of life on one hand and will help protect against or reduce the severity of many sexual disorders on the other hand. It will demonstrate how the balance model from the positive psychotherapy approach can work together with techniques of body psychotherapy in the treatment of different sexual disorders.

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