Cite as (APA style): Jaźwińska-Chren, A. (2026). From thought to tool: Four ways of knowing. The Global Psychotherapist, 6(2), 133-140 http://doi.org/10.52982/lkj320
Abstract: The article presents the process of constructing an original questionnaire to study the four ways of knowing (senses, reason, tradition, intuition) based on Nossrat Peseschkian’s Positive Psychotherapy. The theoretical part includes a comparative analysis of Peseschkian’s concept with C.G. Jung’s classical typology and Anna Matczak’s theory of cognitive styles, highlighting differences in understanding cognition as an innate preference, an information-processing mechanism, or an adaptive filter acquired through socialization.
The main research goal was to develop a tool with high content validity to diagnose a patient’s cognitive profile during the therapeutic process. The research procedure, conducted between October 2025 and March 2026, was based on the competent judges method. Quantitative analysis results showed very high categorization reliability. The result of this work is a tool consisting of 28 statements that, after linguistic refinement and re-evaluation, achieved full expert consensus. The article concludes with an announcement of the pilot study phase aimed at further psychometric verification of the questionnaire.
Keywords: ways of knowing, senses, reason, tradition, intuition, Positive Psychotherapy, Nossrat Peseschkian, questionnaire, competent judges